Note: only responsible for dates marked with an asterisk (*)
Reading
McManners, chs. 8-11
Late medieval period
Heresy reborn
Cathari
Inquisition established (*1184)
Dominicans
torture authorized for obtaining info + confessions (1252)
Divided Papacy
Philip IV of France ( 1314)
Boniface VIII ( 1303)
Forbade taxation of church property/income
Captured by Philip IV, subsequently died as a result of mistreatment
Babylonian Captivity of the Church (1309-1377)
Clement VI ( 1313)
Under influence of Philip IV moves papacy to Avignon
Persecutes Templars
Great Schism (*1378-1417)
Urban IV
elected, goes to Rome for installation but does not return to Avignon.
French cardinals depose him and elect Clement VII. Urban does not step down. Results in parallel papacies.
Council of Pisa (1409 - cardinals from both Rome & Avignon)
Deposes both living popes & elects Alexander V
Previous popes do not step down
Council of Constance (1414-1418 not just cardinals, but any and all clerics invited to participate, claims authority directly from Christ)
Deposes all three popes (don't learn their names)
John XXIII (Pisa pope) jailed
Gregory XII (Rome) resigns
Benedict XIII (Avignon) holds out until 1417
Elects Martin V (1417-1431)
Constantinople falls to Turks (*1453)
Mysticism
Perennialism
unity of soul/God
problem of identifying eastern & western mysticism
Song of Songs in Judaism and Christianity
Category of Sacred Erotic
use in mysticism
Conflict between charismatic and institutional authority
Notable mystics
Meister Eckhart ( 1327)
Thomas a Kempis ( 1471)
Theresa of Avila ( 1582)
John of the Cross ( 1591)
Renaissance
humanism
Reformation
Leo X
Indulgences
Martin Luther
95 theses (*1517)
Basic issues of the Reformation
Religious
Justification by faith
Celibacy
Priesthood of all believers
Communion in 'both parts'
Sacraments
Transubstantiation
Papal authority
Sola Scriptura
Economic & political
Pope supports Charles V (Spain) as Holy Roman empire
German princes threatened politically and economically
General feelings in England, France and Germany that Pope should not wield political power
Radical reformation
Anabaptists
Calvin
Predestination
Absolute depravity
English Reformation
Royal players
Henry VIII ( *1547)
Catherine of Aragon
Anne Bolyn
Thomas Cranmer
Edward VI ( 1553)
Protestant
Jane I
Mary I ( 1558)
Catholic
Elizabeth I ( *1603)
Reconciliatory - Anglican
Mary of Guise
Mary Queen of Scots
James I ( 1625)
King James Bible
Church of England (=Anglican = Episcopalian)
Issues of episcopal structure and traditional liturgy
Counter Reformation
Pre-reformation
Obsession with death
Salvation by obedience
Cardinal Ximenes ( 1517)
Initial Catholic responses to Protestantism
Control of printing
Catholic attempts at reconciliation
Erasmus ( 1536)
Catholic evangelicals
Catholic opposition to reconciliation
Council of Trent
1st session (*1545)
Scripture & tradition equal
Church is sole interpreter
Vulgate is true Bible
Emphasis on works
7 sacraments
Communion of both kinds forbidden
2nd session (1551)
Protestants invited
Upheld pilgrimage
3rd session (1562)
Clerical celibacy
Veneration of relics & images
Quality of bishops
Jesuits
Emphasis on missions, education
Controversial methods
Reforming popes
Paul III (1534)
Sympathetic with reformers
Council of Trent
Sixtus V (1585)
Papal curia
Centralized church government
Instruments of the Counter Reformation
Index Librorum Prohibitorum
Inquisition
Art and culture
Baroque (Catholic) vs. iconoclasm (Protestant)
Impact of Counter Reformation
Encouraged intolerance
Witchcraft persecutions
Absolutism in government
Anti-intellectual
Administrative structure in church
Establishment of new orders
Popes more open to constructive change
One parish per bishop