Note: only responsible for dates marked with an asterisk (*)
Note also that the fact that the outline on gender is longer than those on other topics does not mean that the quiz will be similarly skewed in that direction - just that I had better notes to work from.
Reading
McManners: chs. 16-17
Web:
In Memory of Her (summary)
Her Share of the Blessings (summary)
Pope Joan
Popess Joan
Women as clergy
The Roman Catholic Church & female ordination
Female clergy in Eastern Orthodox & Protestant religions
7 General Councils
1st : Nicaea [*325]
Rejected Arianism
God the Father & Son are coeternal
God the Father & Son are same matter & equal
2nd : Constantinople [*381]
Reaffirmed 1st council
God the Spirit equal with Father & Son
3rd : Ephesus {431]
Jesus was simultaneously God and man
Mary is theotokos (God-bearer)
Generated split with Syrian (Antiochene) churches
= Church of the East (sometimes called Nestorian, Assyrian or Chaldean Church)
Nestorius emphasized Jesus' humanity
4th : Chalcedon [451]
Tried to reemphasize Jesus' humanity without discarding his divinity
Established Pentarchy
Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, Jerusalem - each have own Patriarch
5th : Constantinople (=2nd Council of Constantinople) [553]
Moving back toward emphasizing Jesus' divinity
Used theopastiche language (e.g. "God suffered")
6th : Constantinople (=3rd Council of Constantinople) [680-681]
Rejected Monothelites
Who argued that although Christ has two natures he had one will - that is God's
7th : Nicea (= 2nd Council of Nicaea) [*787]
Asserted that icons (images to aid in worship) were appropriate and should be kept in churches
Iconoclasts vs. iconodules
John of Damascus ("the Word deifies the flesh")
Eastern Orthodoxy
Issues leading to split
Political - dating to Constantine's relocation of the capital of the empire
Linguistic - Latin in the West, Greek in the East
Liturgical differences
Minor theological differences
Fililoque
"...Holy spirit proceeds from the Father and the Son". Added to Western version of Nicene creed.
Photian schism [*867]
Rivalry over Bulgarian missions lead to Patriarch Photius deposing Pope Nicholas III
Mutual anathemas [*1054]
Biggest issues standing in the way of reunification:
Infallibility of Pope
Celibacy of clergy
Divorce
Monasticism & mysticism
Each monastery self governing (no monastic orders)
Monks not ordained
Responsibilities
Perpetual prayer
Hesychia [10th c.]
Use of "Jesus prayer"
Seeking "Light of Tabor"
Example to society
Caring for sick & poor
14th c. split between possessors & non-possessors, esp. in Russia
possessors had property, so could help poor
In Russia
Greek missionaries [9th c.]
Metropolitan of Moscow elevated to Patriarch [*1589]
Patriarchate abolished by Peter the Great [1721]
Reestablishment of Patriarchate [*1917]
Hell
Mesopotamia
Underworld a generally unpleasant place, but not place of torture
Zoroastrianism
Had concepts of an evil place and a sort of Limbo
Plato (428-348 BC)
Had concept of a post-mortal punishment of the wicked
Hebrew Bible
Sheol: generic place of the dead
Gehenna (develops after contact with Zoroastrianism): place of
torment for the wicked
Sadducees: no belief in physical resurrection of the dead
Pharisees: believed in eschatological physical resurrection
Virgil
First use of term 'Limbo'
Describes Hell (Hades)
New Testament
Rich man is in place of torment
Purgatory
Officially recognized at Council of Trent
Generally rejected by Protestants (although some accepted Limbo)
Dante
9 circles of Hell
politicians near the core
Religion and science
Church criticized for not fostering Science
Some biblical passages seem to anticipate science, others create problems
Isaiah 40:22: "circle of the earth"
Isaiah 11:12 "four corners of the earth"
History
Copernicus [1543]
Heliocentric model
Church declared it heretical in 1616 (after Counter-Reformation)
Galileo
Tried to harmonize theology & science
Forced to recant [*1632]
Darwin publish Origin of the species [*1859]
Andrew White [1869] (President of Cornell)
Gap theory
Age-day theory
Still doesn't completely harmonize with Bible (e.g. Adam & Eve story)
Biblical creationism
Catastrophism
Old earth theory
Critical of scientific orthodoxy
Which is, in turn, critical of "Creation Science," which it regards as no science.
Sex and gender
Adam and Eve
Tree of knowledge connected to sex in some early Christian interpretations
Marriage and family life in early Christianity
Permitted but not recommended
Better to remain single for reasons of personal freedom (to serve Christ)
Should marry if cannot control sexual desires
Must marry believer
Widows encouraged to remarry if possible
Assumed were less able to control sexual desires than virgins
If not fiscally set, could become financial burdens on the church community
Divorce and adultery
Judaism
Must be initiated by man
Adultery as violation of property rights
Early Christianity
Divorce on account of 'unchastity'
Allowed when convert's spouse does not convert & wishes to leave (may not be initiated by believer)
Marital and extramarital sex
Judaism
More positive view of body
Marriage and sex normal and required for a complete life
Sex outside of marriage forbidden
Christianity
Earliest Christianity neutral on body, positive on sex within marriage
Married couples required not to abstain
As service to one another
In order not to be tempted outside the marriage bed
No mention of procreation as a motivation for sex
Sex outside of marriage forbidden
Marriage discouraged in later Christianity
Body viewed as bad in Antique & Medieval Christianity
Sex always bad, but permitted in marriage for having children
Negative view of physicality encourages disparagement of women (because men tended to view them physically)
Asceticism
Negative view of body results in complete rejection of all physical pleasure
Exaltation of virginity
Jerome's viewpoint
Thecla
Later Christianity and Judaism
Normal social roles
Increasing presence and acceptance of working women
Marriage and family life
Generally only monogamous, heterosexual marriages permitted
Women still 'run the home', incl. Children
Christianity
"True Womanhood" movement (some Evangelicals and Fundamentalists)
influence society only through men
remain domestic (no careers)
serve husband
Most Christians, even conservative, are much more liberal on these issues-- see family as primarily joint leadership. When consensus cannot be arrived at, the man is regarded as having the final decision in conservative circles
Divorce and adultery
Divorce still not permitted in Catholic and conservative Protestant churches
Liberal Protestants generally more lax
Many modern Catholics sidestep with 'annulment'
Question of the meaning of 'unchastity' as grounds for divorce
Marital and extramarital sex
Virginity & celibacy still prized in Catholicism
Conservative Protestants reject premarital sex, but regard marriage as normal and virtually required. Celibacy is marginalized as unnecessary asceticism.
Liberal Protestants often accept monogamous premarital sex "with love"
Virtually all reject adultery (although there are exceptions)
Women's roles in the church
Paul
Proto-Paul
In Christ...there is neither male nor female (Gal 3.23)
Women to wear veils when praying or prophesying (1 Cor 11.3-16)
men reflect image of God, women reflect image of men
indicates that women were allowed to speak in assembly (praying and prophesying)
Women to keep silent in the Church (1 Cor 14.34f)
Seems to contradict 1 Cor 11-- may be gloss
Recognizes women leaders
Phoebe is deaconess
Junia may be apostle
Or simply respected by the apostles
Or wife of an apostle
Or a man
Priscilla (Prisca) is prominent leader
Husband (Aquilla) appears to be secondary
Women should submit to husbands
Husbands love wives (Eph. 5.22-33)
Husbands & wives "submit to one another"
Deutero-Paul
Women not to "teach or exercise authority over men" (1 Tim 2.9-15)
could reflect women's lack of educational opportunities
Encouraged to teach other women (Titus 2:3-5)
Possible recognition of women as deacons (1Tim 3.11)
Women Charismatics
Charismatic activity (1 Cor 12.1-11)
Tongues, prophecy, healing, etc.
in modern Pentecostal & Charismatic groups
Women prophets at Corinth
Montanist women prophets
late 2nd & early 3rd c. CE
Priscilla & Maximilla
Church fathers
Women viewed as perpetrators of sin
Mary vs. Eve as archetypes
Sex = fruit of the tree of knowledge
Not included in plan of salvation
Debated whether women had a soul
Gregory says OK to give communion, etc to pregnant and menstruating women, later clerics disagree
Women in contemporary religious leadership
Catholics do not ordain women to priesthood
In US women are being given increasing roles anyway
Women fulfill most functions of the priest in places where priests are not readily available
Women allowed to rise to positions of prominence & leadership, just not priesthood
Mother Theresa
Most mainline Protestant denominations ordain women
Episcopalians have black woman bishop (Boston)
Conservative groups generally do not (e.g. Southern Baptists)
Primary issue is not generally patriarchalism but concern to conform to the Bible
Women as leaders/preachers in the Pentecostal (& some Charismatic & African-American groups) movement
New religious movements (e.g Theosophy, Christian Science, etc.) often have women founders and/or leaders
Other gender related issues
Feminine aspects of God
Importance of goddesses in pagan traditions
Hebrew Bible
Hokhma (wisdom, sofia in Greek) in Proverbs, participates in creation of world, contrasted with the woman "Foolishness"
Generally associated with Jesus, but could be connected with feminine Holy Spirit
Christianity
Church as feminine
Christ as masculine
Holy Spirit as feminine in some early Christianities
Odes of Solomon (Syrian Christian)
Some early Gnostic Christian theologies
"Spirit" feminine in Hebrew/Aramaic, neuter in Greek
Later Christianity settled on neuter or even masculine Holy Spirit
Mary as mythological type
Catholic vs. Protestant
Worship of Mary (Queen of Heaven)
Possible connection to ancient goddesses
The man's ideal: virgin mother
Gender language
Androcentric language for God can alienate women
Newer genderless translations of the Bible
New English Bible
New Revised Standard Version
Attempts to degender liturgy & hymns
Stylistic problems resulting from thorough degendering